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                <span class="article-type type-1 float-left">原</span>                <h1 class="title-article">MySql基础知识总结</h1>
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                                                                                                                                            <span class="time">2017年06月08日 09:02:18</span>
                    <a class="follow-nickName" href="https://me.csdn.net/weixin_37547197" target="_blank">顾江波</a>
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<p align="center"><strong>MySQL详细资料整理</strong></p>
<p>1 . 前言介绍</p>
<p>   1.1 主流数据库的介绍</p>
<p>     1.1.1数据库：俗称数据的仓库。</p>
<p>     1.1.2数据结构：数据的组织方式。</p>
<p>     1.1.3数据库管理系统：方便管理数据的软件（或程序）</p>
<p>     1.1.4目前常用以下几种数据库：</p>
<p>        Oracle，甲骨文公司的产品。 当前最流行应用最广泛的数据库软件。和java语言兼容非常好。适合中大型，中大应用。</p>
<p>        SQL Server: 是微软公司的产品。window平台应用非常广泛。和c#，net平台兼容非常好。</p>
<p>        DB2： IBM公司的产品。IBM服务器--&gt; UNIX -&gt; DB2- &gt; Websphere</p>
<p>        MySQL:开源组织的产品。甲骨文公司的产品。免费！！！和java语言兼容非常好！适合中小企业，中小应用</p>
<p>大型数据库：Oracle ，DB2，Infix</p>
<p>中小型数据库：SQL Server ,MySQL</p>
<div>
<p>微型数据库：Access , SQLLite数据库</p>
</div>
<p>   1.2  一个数据库中有哪些数据库对象？</p>
<p>    表:存放数据的容器</p>
<p>    视图：虚拟的表，数据来源于表</p>
<p>    存储过程：对数据库中表或者视图进行综合操作的命令的集合（主动操作）</p>
<p>    触发器：当对表做增删改操作时自动作出某些操作的使用（被动记录某些操作）</p>
<p>1.3  SQL（Structure Query Language）结构化查询语言</p>
<p>        <strong>1.3.1 <span style="color:#FF0000;">DDL</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">（Data Definition Language</span>）  数据定义语言</strong></p>
<p>包括：create(创建数据库对象),alter(修改数据库对象的结构)和drop(删除数据库对象)</p>
<p>（1）创建对象：</p>
<p>创建数据库： CREATE DATABASE bank;</p>
<p>创建表：</p>
<p>Create Table [if not exists] 表名(</p>
<p>列名1 数据类型 相关约束,</p>
<p>列名2 数据类型 相关约束,</p>
<p>....</p>
<p>列名n 数据类型 相关约束</p>
<p>);</p>
<p>（2）修改表</p>
<p>添加列：Altertable 表名 add 列名 【数据类型  相关约束】 ;</p>
<p>修改列：Altertable 表名 modify 列名 【数据类型  相关约束】;</p>
<p>删除列：Altertable 表名 drop 列名 【相关约束】;</p>
<p>删除表：Droptable 表名;</p>
<p><strong>1.3.2  <span style="color:#FF0000;">DML</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">（Data ManipulationLanguage</span>）  数据操纵语言</strong></p>
<p>包括:Insert(插入数据),update(修改数据),delete(删除数据);</p>
<p>（1）插入数据：Insert into 表名[(字段列表)] values(值列表1)[,(值列表2),...(值列表n)];</p>
<p>（2）修改数据：Update 表名 set 字段名1=字段值1,字段名2=字段值2,.. [where 条件表达式]；</p>
<p>（3）删除数据：Delete from 表名 [where 条件表达式]; truncate table 表名：</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top">
<p>★★★面试题★★★★</p>
<p>使用delete和truncate table删除数据的区别：</p>
<p>相同点：都能删除表中的数据。</p>
<p>不同点：</p>
<p>1.使用delete from 删除数据可以加where条件，数据可以回滚，记录操作日志，速度慢，触发触发器</p>
<p>2.使用truncate table删除数据不可以加where条件，数据不可以回滚，不记录操作日志，速度快,不触发触发器。</p>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table><p><strong> 1.3.3  <span style="color:#FF0000;">DQL</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">（Data Query Language</span>）  数据查询语言</strong></p>
<p>包括Select(查询)</p>
<p>（1）格式如下：</p>
<p>Select 字段列表|* </p>
<p>from 表 </p>
<p>[where 条件表达式</p>
<p> group by 分组表达式</p>
<p> having 筛选表达式 </p>
<p>order by 分组表达式 </p>
<p>limit 分页表达式];</p>
<p><strong>1.3.3 <span style="color:#FF0000;">DCL (DataControl Language) </span><span style="color:#FF0000;">数据控制语言</span></strong></p>
<p>包括grant(授权),revoke(收回授权);</p>
<p>    （1）授权：</p>
<p>Grant 权限列表 on 数据库.数据库对象 to 用户名@’ip地址’ identified by 密码;</p>
<p>如：grant insert,select on hibernate.* to john@'%(代表任何主机都可以连接到当前数据库服务器)|192.168.1.150' identified by '123';</p>
<p>    （2）收回授权：</p>
<p>Revoke 权限列表 on 数据库.数据库对象 from 用户名@主机名;</p>
<p>如： revoke insert on hibernate.* from john@”%”;</p>
<p>2 使用数据库</p>
<p>   2.1 mysql 常用命令</p>
<p>    （1）连接本机数据库： mysql –u名称（数据库名称） –p密码（数据库密码）  回车</p>
<p>    （2）连接远程数据库：mysql –h（host缩写） ip地址（主机ip） –u名称（数据库名称）–p密码（数据库密码）</p>
<p>    （3）数据库退出，使用 exit; quit</p>
<p>    （4）切换数据库：use  数据库名</p>
<p>    （5）更改用户密码：</p>
<p>    mysql&gt;usemysql;</p>
<p>       mysql&gt; UPDATE user SETpassword=PASSWORD("new password") WHERE               user='username';</p>
<p>       mysql&gt; FLUSH PRIVILEGES;</p>
<p>       mysql&gt; exit;</p>
<p>    （6）显示表：showtables;</p>
<p>    （7）表的详细描述：describe+ 表名称   ;   desc + 表名称</p>
<p>    （8）刷新数据库：flushprivileges  </p>
<p>2.2要连接到一个数据库，有以下几大要素：</p>
<p>数据库服务器ip地址，数据库用户名，数据库密码，Mysql端口号，数据库名称</p>
<p>3、SQL语句使用（<strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">重点</span></strong>）</p>
<p><strong>   <span style="color:#FF0000;">3.1  DDL </span><span style="color:#FF0000;">（Data DefinitionLanguage</span>）数据库定义语言</strong></p>
<p>包括： create(创建数据库对象) alter(修改数据库对象的结构) drop(删除数据库对象)</p>
<p>    <strong>（1）查询所有数据库：</strong>   show databases;</p>
<p>    <strong>（2）选择使用的数据库：</strong>use + 数据库名称----→ 进入该数据库了。</p>
<p>    <strong>（3）删除数据库：</strong>      drop database  [if exists] 数据库名;</p>
<p>    <strong>（4）创建数据库：</strong> createdatabase  [if not exists] 数据库名;</p>
<p>    <strong>（5）删除表：</strong>drop table[ if exists] 表名称；</p>
<p>    <strong>（6）创建表：</strong>createtable  [if not exists] 表名称 (</p>
<p>                        列名1 数据类型相关约束,</p>
<p>                        列名2 数据类型相关约束,</p>
<p>                                ....</p>
<p>                        列名n 数据类型相关约束</p>
<p>                  );</p>
<p><strong>    （7）如何判断一个表是主(父)表还是从(子)表?</strong></p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top">
<p>答：如果一个表中有外键字段，则含有外键字段的表是从表或者是子表。</p>
<p>一个字段在当前表中是主键，在另外一个表中是外键，则当前这个表就是主表。</p>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table><p>    <strong>（8） 注释的作用有哪些：</strong></p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top">
<p>A: 解释代码的功能       B:屏蔽掉暂时不需要的代码。</p>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table><p>    <strong>（9） 查看表中的数据</strong>：select* from 表名称； （*代表查看所有列）</p>
<p><strong>    （10）给表添加字段</strong>：alter table  表名 add 新列名  新列的数据类型;</p>
<p>            如：ALTER TABLE  t_student ADD   qq VARCHAR(11);</p>
<p>    <strong>（11）修改表字段的数据类型：</strong>ALTER TABLE表名 MODIFY 列名 新数据类型;</p>
<p>            如：ALTER TABLE t_student MODIFYqq  char(11);</p>
<p>    <strong>（12）</strong>修改表字段的名称及数据类型:ALTER TABLE 表名 CHANGE 原列名 修改后的新列名 修改后新列的数据类型;</p>
<p>    如：ALTERTABLE t_student CHANGE qq msn varchar(11);</p>
<p>    <strong>（13）删除字段：</strong>ALTER TABLE表名 DROP 列名;</p>
<p>            如 :  ALTER TABLE t_student DROP msn;</p>
<p>    <strong>（14）修改表的名称:</strong>ALTER TABLE原表名 RENAME TO 新表名;</p>
<p>    如：ALTERTABLE t_student RENAME TO student;</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">   3.2 DML</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">（Data Manipulation Language</span>）数据库操纵语言</strong></p>
<p>    包括：Insert(插入数据) update(修改数据)  delete(删除数据)</p>
<p><strong>    3.2.1 语法结构：</strong></p>
<p>    （1）insert(插入数据) insert into 表名[(字段列表)]values(值1，值2，值3);</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top">
<p><span style="color:#FF0000;">表中插入数据的三种形式：</span></p>
<p>第一种：#只要字段名和字段值一一对应，字段的书写顺序不重要</p>
<p>insert into  表名称 (列名1，列名2) VALUES(值1，值2);</p>
<p>第二种：#字段列表可以省略，但必须要求值列表和字段列表一一对应</p>
<p>insert into  表名称  VALUES(值1，值2，值3);</p>
<p>第三种：#可以一次插入多条记录</p>
<p>insert into  表名称  VALUES</p>
<p>('c004','班级四'),</p>
<p>('c005','班级五'),</p>
<p>('c006','班级六');</p>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table><p>    （2）update(修改数据) update 表名 set 字段1=值1,字段2=值2,.. [where 条件表达式]；</p>
<p>    （3）delete(删除数据) delete from 表名 [where 条件表达式];</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">3.3       </span><span style="color:#FF0000;">DCL</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">（Data Query Language</span>）数据库查询语言</strong></p>
<p>    包括：select（查询）等</p>
<p>    <strong>3.3.1语法结构：（【】内按顺序书写，不得颠倒位置）</strong></p>
<p><span style="color:#FF0000;">        Select</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">字段列表 | * </span>
</p>
<p><span style="color:#FF0000;">        from</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">表名称</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#FF0000;">        </span><span style="color:#FF0000;">【where </span>条件表达式
</p>
<p><span style="color:#FF0000;">        groupby </span><span style="color:#FF0000;">分组表达式</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#FF0000;">         having </span><span style="color:#FF0000;">筛选表达式 </span>
</p>
<p><span style="color:#FF0000;">        orderby </span><span style="color:#FF0000;">分组表达式 </span>
</p>
<p><span style="color:#FF0000;">        limit  </span><span style="color:#FF0000;">分页表达式 】</span></p>
<p>    （1）查询时去除重复记录：distinct</p>
<p>    （2）查询时添加常量列  用as </p>
<p>    如：select * , '中国' as country from student; //在后面增加一栏 country 内用全部是中国。</p>
<p>    （3）逻辑条件： and(与) or(或) </p>
<p>    （4）比较条件</p>
<p>Sql语言中有以下比较条件：   </p>
<p>        大于：&gt;</p>
<p>        小于:&lt; </p>
<p>    大于等于: &gt;=</p>
<p>    小于等于: &lt;=</p>
<p>        等于:  =</p>
<p>     不等于: &lt;&gt;</p>
<p>    在XX和XX之间：between XX and  XXX  等价于大于等于XX，小于等于XXX  </p>
<p>    （5） In   -- 字段值 in (值1,值2,值3......)  </p>
<p>    （6）判空条件    is null 和  is not null 之时判断是否是null，跟空字符串无关</p>
<p>    （7）模糊查询 like    %匹配任意多个字符  _匹配任意一个字符</p>
<p><a name="OLE_LINK7"></a><a name="OLE_LINK6">如：
</a>-- 查找姓葛的学生</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top">
<p>select * from tbl_student where stuName like '葛%';</p>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table><p>如： -- 查找名字里面带有葛的学生</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top">
<p>select * from tbl_student where stuName like '%葛%';</p>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table><p>如： -- 查找姓葛且名字是3个字的学生</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top">
<p>select * from tbl_student where stuName like '葛__';</p>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table><p><strong>      3.3.2 记录查询</strong> </p>
<p>（1）常用的聚合函数如下：总和：sum ( )，平均:avg( )，最大：max( )，最小:min()，总个数：count(  )</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">思考：当查询一张表内有多少条记录时，使用哪种查询时最方便的？</span></strong></p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top">
<p>#count(*):一般不建议大家使用*,效率低（如果有100000000条记录的话，估计出结果要很久了~）</p>
<p>#count(字段):自动过滤掉null值的字段</p>
<p>#count(主键字段):建议大家使用主键字段   (使用此查询) ✔</p>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table><p> </p>
<p>    <strong>3.3.3排序</strong></p>
<p>-order by </p>
<p>-- 语法 ：order by 字段 asc/desc</p>
<p>-- asc: 顺序，正序。数值：递增，字母：自然顺序（a-z）</p>
<p>-- desc: 倒序，反序。数值：递减，字母：自然反序(z-a)</p>
<p><strong>      3.3.4分组（ group by ）</strong></p>
<p>分组后筛选（重点）</p>
<p>-- 分组后的条件筛选 使用having关键字:对分组之后的结果再进行筛选。</p>
<p>where不能用于group by之后，它只能用于分组之前</p>
<p><strong>      3.3.5分页查询(limit 起始行，查询几行)</strong></p>
<p>- 分页查询 limit 参数1参数2</p>
<p>-- 参数1：查询的起始索引位置  </p>
<p>-- 参数2：每页查询的条数</p>
<p><strong>公式：#显示第一页数据的公式：起始索引=(当前页-1)*每页显示记录数</strong></p>
<p><strong>      3.3.6 数据约束</strong></p>
<p>（1）概念：对用户操作的表的数据进行约束。</p>
<p>（2）默认值：DEFAULT  ,可以对默认段插入null 或非null</p>
<p>（3）非空约束： NOT NULL</p>
<p>（4）唯一约束：UNIQUE  </p>
<p>    <strong>注意：</strong></p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top">
<p>1）唯一的字段可以插入null</p>
<p>2)  唯一的字段可以插入多个null，唯一约束对Null没有约束</p>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table><p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">（1</span>）主键(非空+唯一)</strong></p>
<p>主键约束：primary key 对一个字段加上主键约束，控制字段的值不能为null，而且必须唯一，不能重复。</p>
<p><strong>    注意：</strong></p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top">
<p>主键字段，不能插入null，但是可以插入空字符串””，如果主键字段是int类型的，插入空字符串的时候，实际插入的是0值。但是因为有唯一约束，所以不能重复插入空字符串。</p>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table><p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">（2</span>）外键约束（foreign key ）</strong></p>
<p>外键约束：约束两张表的数据。</p>
<p><strong>外键定义语法：  constraint 外键约束名称 foreign key(外键字段) references 主表名称(引用字段) </strong>
</p>
<p>被约束的表叫做副表，外键设置在副表上面，外键引用字段所在的表叫做主表。</p>
<p><strong>    注意：</strong></p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td valign="top">
<p>1) 当有外键约束之后，添加数据的时候，先添加主表数据，再添加副表数据</p>
<p>2) 当有了外键约束，修改数据的时候，先改副表的数据，在修改主表的数据。</p>
<p>3) 当有了外键约束，删除数据的时候，也是先删除副表的数据，再删除主表的数据</p>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table><p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">（3</span>）自增长 （auto_increment）</strong></p>
<p>设置自增长之后的字段，可以不赋值，默认的自动</p>
<p>增长1</p>
<p>    <strong>注意：</strong></p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top">
<p>1) 自增长只能用于int数据类型的字段</p>
<p>2) 自增长如果用于小数点类型的字段，当该字段不赋值的时候，仍然是按照整数在递增的。</p>
<p>3) 自增字段只能被设置在主键字段上</p>
<p>4）可以使用zerofill 来设置int类型的字段增长的时候的格式：使用0来填充剩下的位数。zerofill需要紧跟在int类型的后面</p>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table><p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">（4</span>） 级联操作</strong></p>
<p>问题： 当有了外键约束的时候，必须先修改或删除副表中的所有关联数据，才能修改或删除主表！但是，我们希望直接修改或删除主表数据，从而影响副表数据。可以使用级联操作实现！！！</p>
<p>级联修改：on update cascade</p>
<p>级联删除：on delete cascade</p>
<p><strong>注意：级联操作必须在外键的基础上使用</strong></p>
<p><strong>      3.6.7高级查询</strong></p>
<p><span style="color:#FF0000;">（1</span>）表连接</p>
<p>A：内连接查询</p>
<p>两种查询形式：（以emp表为例）</p>
<p>第一种：表与表之间用“，”连接：select e.ename ,m.ename  from emp e ,  emp m  where e.mgr = m.empno;</p>
<p>第二种：表与表、条件之间 用“表名1 inner join 表名2 on 关联条件”： </p>
<p>    selecte.ename, m.ename from emp e  inner joinemp m on e.mgr = m.empno; </p>
<p>B：左【外】连接</p>
<p>语法：Left [ outer ]   join 表  on关联条件 </p>
<p>使用左边表的数据去匹配右边表的数据，如果符合连接条件的结果则显示，如果不符合连接条件则显示null</p>
<p>C：右【外】连接</p>
<p>语法：right [outer] join 表 on  关联条件</p>
<p>使用右边表的数据去匹配左边表的数据，如果符合连接条件的结果则显示，如果不符合连接条件则显示null</p>
<p>D：自连接</p>
<p>表内相关的数据连接，如emp表中的雇员编号与领导编号。其中领导也是雇员。 e.mgr = m.empno</p>
<p><span style="color:#FF0000;">（2</span>）子查询</p>
<p>如下格式：例：</p>
<p>SELECT stuName , age , gender , (SELECT cityName FROMt_city B WHERE B.id=A.cityId)</p>
<p>FROM t_student A;</p>
<p><span style="color:#FF0000;">（3</span>）分页查询</p>
<p>格式： 起始索引=(当前页号-1)*每页显示记录数；</p>
<p>           结束索引=当前页号*每页显示记录数 ；</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">（4</span>）视图 （重点部分）</strong></p>
<p>1、概念：是一个封装了一些命令的集合体。本身不存放数据，数据来源于命令查询的表中。</p>
<p>2、创建视图格式： create view 视图名 as 查询命令；</p>
<p>3、代码演示：</p>
<p>#创建视图</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top">
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">create view</span></strong>  v_myview01<strong><span style="color:#FF0000;"> as</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">SELECT </span></strong>ename,job,dname<strong><span style="color:#FF0000;"> FROM</span></strong> t_emp e,t_dept d
<strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">WHERE</span></strong> e.dept_no=d.dept_no;</p>
<p>-- 把视图当做表使用即可，但需要注意的是：通过视图做增删改有条件的，做查询可以直接做</p>
<p>SELECT * FROM v_myview01;</p>
<p>-- 创建视图，如果已经存在则直接删除后创建新的视图</p>
<p>CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW v_myview01 AS SELECT * FROM t_dept;</p>
<p>-- 修改视图</p>
<p>ALTER VIEW v_myview01 AS </p>
<p>SELECT emp_no,ename,job,dname FROM t_emp e,t_dept d WHERE e.dept_no=d.dept_no;</p>
<p>-- 删除视图</p>
<p>DROP VIEW v_myview01;</p>
<p>-- 通过视图修改关联表中的数据，有条件的：所有操作影响的字段必须来源于同一张表，否则操作失败</p>
<p>UPDATE v_myview01 SET dname='公共部',loc='湖南' WHERE dept_no=5;</p>
<p>SELECT * FROM t_emp;</p>
<p>-- error,因为本次修改的字段来源于两张表</p>
<p>UPDATE v_myview01 SET ename='龙儿', dname='市场部' WHERE emp_no=4;</p>
<p>-- 通过视图删除关联表中的数据</p>
<p>DELETE FROM v_myview01 WHERE dept_no=6; </p>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table><p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">（5</span>）存储过程</strong></p>
<p>1  概念：带有业务逻辑的sql语句。里面有流程控制语句。如 if条件判断，while循环等等</p>
<p>2  存储过程的特点：</p>
<p>    ① 执行效率非常快，存储过程是在数据库的服务器端执行的。 </p>
<p>    ② 移植性很差，不同数据库的存储过程是不能移植的。</p>
<p>3  存储过程语法(存储过程不能对存储内容进行修改，只能对名称进行修改。如果想要修改需要重新建立一个新的存储过程)</p>
<p>—    创建存储过程  create procedure 存储过程名字（参数）</p>
<p>     — 调用存储过程 call 存储过程名字 （参数）</p>
<p>     — 删除存储过程 drop procedure 存储过程名字</p>
<p>在定义存储过程的时候，参数定义如下：</p>
<p>    IN ：（实参传递给形参）表示输入参数，可以携带数据到存储过程中</p>
<p>    OUT : （形参反向传值给实参）表示输出参数，可以从存储过程中返回结果</p>
<p>    INOUT ：（实参可以传值给形参，同时形参也可以将值传给实参）表示输入输出参数，既可以输入功能，也可以输出功能    </p>
<p>4 <strong> 输入参数的存储过程（ in ）</strong></p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top">
<p>/*创建带有参数的存储过程*/</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">delimiter #</span></strong>  -- 声明存储过程的结束符</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">create  procedure </span></strong> pro_empno( 
<strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">in  </span></strong>pro_empno_pragm  <strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">int
</span></strong>) – 创建存储过程，声明形参</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">begin</span></strong></p>
<p>    SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE<span style="color:#FF0000;"> empno = pro_empno_pragm</span>;</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">end  #</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">delimiter ;   </span></strong></p>
<p>------------------</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">call </span></strong> pro_empno(8888); -- 调用存储过程，传入实际参数</p>
<p>-------------------</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">drop  procedore  </span></strong>pro_empno; /*删除存储过程*/</p>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table><p>5 <strong> 输出参数的存储过程（out ）</strong></p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top">
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">drop  procedore </span></strong> pro_emp_out; #删除存储过程</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">delimiter $</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">create  procedore</span></strong>  pro_emp_out (
<strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">out</span></strong> param_count <strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">int</span></strong> )</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">begin</span></strong></p>
<p>  #set param_count=5;</p>
<p>  SELECT COUNT(1) INTO param_count FROM student;</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">end $</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">delimiter ; </span></strong>-- 中间必须有空格，否则报错</p>
<p>----------------------------</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">call</span></strong>  pro_emp_out(<strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">@</span></strong>param_max); -- 调用带输出参数的存储过程;@表示定义局部变量</p>
<p>select <strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">@</span></strong>param_max; -- 显示变量的值</p>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table><p><strong>      3.6.8 mysql变量</strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">1</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">、全局变量：</span></strong>mysql数据库内置的变量 （所有连接都起作用）</p>
<p>    （1）查看所有全局变量： show variables</p>
<p>    （2）查看某个全局变量： select @@变量名 （一个@表示局部变量，两个@表示 全局变量）</p>
<p>    （3）修改变量：set 变量名=新值</p>
<p>    （4）character_set_client: mysql服务器的接收数据的编码</p>
<p>    （5）character_set_results：mysql服务器输出数据的编码</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">2</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">、会话变量: </span>
</strong>只存在于当前客户端与数据库服务器端的一次连接当中。连接端口，会话变量丢失</p>
<p>    -- 定义会话变量: set @变量=值</p>
<p>-   - 查看会话变量： select @变量</p>
<p> <strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">3</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">、局部变量：</span></strong>在存储过程中使用的变量就叫局部变量。只要存储过程执行完毕，局部变量就丢失！！</p>
<p>    <strong>范例：</strong>使用创建存储过程计算1+2+3+…+100的值。</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top">
<p>DELIMITER //</p>
<p>CREATE PROCEDURE pro_sum(IN num INT,OUT result INT)</p>
<p>BEGIN</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">DECLARE</span></strong> i <strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">INT DEFAULT</span></strong> 1;#<strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">在</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">mysql</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">中如何定义局部变量并赋值</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">DECLARE</span></strong> psum<strong><span style="color:#FF0000;"> INT DEFAULT</span></strong> 0;  
</p>
<p>WHILE i&lt;=num DO</p>
<p>SET psum=psum+i;</p>
<p>SET i=i+1;</p>
<p>END WHILE;</p>
<p>SET result=psum;</p>
<p>END //</p>
<p>DELIMITER ;#在delimiter和;中间必须有空格，否则挂掉</p>
<p> </p>
<p>#调用存储过程</p>
<p>CALL pro_sum(100,@result);</p>
<p>SELECT @result;</p>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table><p><strong>3.6.9触发器</strong></p>
<p>代码演示：</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top">
<p>#切换数据库</p>
<p>USE test;</p>
<p>DROP TABLE t_info;</p>
<p>#创建信息表</p>
<p>CREATE TABLE t_info(</p>
<p>         id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,</p>
<p>         content VARCHAR(200),</p>
<p>         commentNum INT DEFAULT 0,</p>
<p>         pubDate DATETIME</p>
<p>);</p>
<p>#插入测试数据</p>
<p>INSERT INTO t_info(id,content,pubDate) VALUES(NULL,'读书有用吗？',NOW());</p>
<p>#查看数据</p>
<p>SELECT * FROM t_info;</p>
<p> </p>
<p>DROP TABLE t_comment;</p>
<p>#创建评论表</p>
<p>CREATE TABLE t_comment(</p>
<p>         id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,</p>
<p>         content VARCHAR(20),</p>
<p>         infoId INT,</p>
<p>         pubDate DATETIME</p>
<p>);</p>
<p>#创建触发器,魔表new:代表新插入的一条记录</p>
<p>CREATE TRIGGER trg_insert AFTER INSERT ON t_comment FOR EACH ROW</p>
<p>UPDATE t_info SET commentNum=commentNum+1 WHERE id=new.infoId;</p>
<p>#插入测试数据</p>
<p>INSERT INTO t_comment VALUES(NULL,'百无一用是书生',1,NOW());</p>
<p>INSERT INTO t_comment VALUES(NULL,'书中自有颜如玉',1,NOW());</p>
<p>#查看数据</p>
<p>SELECT * FROM t_comment;</p>
<p>SELECT * FROM t_info;</p>
<p> </p>
<p>DROP TABLE t_user;</p>
<p>#创建用户表</p>
<p>CREATE TABLE t_user(</p>
<p>         id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,</p>
<p>         userName VARCHAR(20) UNIQUE,</p>
<p>         pwd VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,</p>
<p>         money DOUBLE,</p>
<p>         pubDate DATETIME</p>
<p>);</p>
<p>#插入测试数据</p>
<p>INSERT INTO t_user VALUES(NULL,'admin','123',10000,NOW());</p>
<p>INSERT INTO t_user VALUES(NULL,'hsj','123',20000,NOW());</p>
<p>#查看数据</p>
<p>SELECT * FROM t_user;</p>
<p>#模拟转账</p>
<p>UPDATE t_user SET money=money+1000 WHERE userName='admin';</p>
<p>UPDATE t_user SET money=money-1000 WHERE userName='hsj';</p>
<p> </p>
<p>DROP TABLE t_log;</p>
<p>#创建日志表</p>
<p>CREATE TABLE t_log(</p>
<p>         id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,</p>
<p>         content VARCHAR(200),</p>
<p>         pubDate DATETIME</p>
<p>);</p>
<p>#插看数据</p>
<p>SELECT * FROM t_log;</p>
<p>#删除触发器</p>
<p>DROP TRIGGER trg_update;</p>
<p>#创建修改触发器,当触发器做修改操作时有两个魔表，old,new</p>
<p>CREATE TRIGGER trg_update AFTER UPDATE ON t_user FOR EACH ROW</p>
<p>INSERT INTO t_log VALUES(NULL,CONCAT('transfer',(new.money-old.money)),NOW());</p>
<p>#进行测试触发器</p>
<p>UPDATE t_user SET money=money-1000 WHERE userName='admin';</p>
<p>SELECT * FROM t_user;</p>
<p>#删除触发器</p>
<p>CREATE TRIGGER trg_delete AFTER DELETE ON t_user FOR EACH ROW</p>
<p>INSERT INTO t_log VALUES(NULL,CONCAT('delete ',old.userName),NOW());</p>
<p>#测试删除触发器</p>
<p>DELETE FROM t_user WHERE id=1;</p>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table><p><strong>3.6.10 mysql权限</strong></p>
<p>（1）password:md5 单向加密函数，不能解密</p>
<p>   如：selectpassword("123456");   加密码是： *6BB4837EB74329105EE4568DDA7DC67ED2CA2AD9</p>
<p>（2） 修改用户密码</p>
<p>第一步：UPDATE USER SET PASSWORD=PASSWORD('root') WHEREUSER='root';</p>
<p>第二步：FLUSH PRIVILEGES;</p>
<p><strong>3.6.11数据库备份与还原（<span style="color:#FF0000;">重点</span>）</strong></p>
<p>A:数据库备份（不需要登陆）：</p>
<p>--cmd命令窗口：</p>
<p>    mysqldump -u+用户名  -p+密码   数据库名称 &gt;d:\XXXX.sql（存放路径以及文件名）</p>
<p>B：数据库还原(不需要登陆)：数据库还原的时候一定要指定数据库</p>
<p>   1. 首先新建空的数据库：登陆MySQL,建立数据库。</p>
<p>create database 数据库名；</p>
<p>   2. 在cmd命令窗口运行如下代码：</p>
<p>mysql -u+用户名  -p+密码  数据库名&lt;d:\mysql\bank.sql （存放路径以及文件名）</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">3.4       </span><span style="color:#FF0000;">DCL </span>
<span style="color:#FF0000;">（Data Control Language</span>）数据控制语言</strong></p>
<p>    包括：grant(授权) 、 revoke(收回授权)</p>
<p>1、grant(授权)     <strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">语法结构：</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">Grant </span><span style="color:#FF0000;">权限列表  on 
</span>数据库.数据库对象 to 用户名@’ip地址’ identified by 密码;</strong></p>
<p>实例：创建用户hsj,密码为123的账户，并指定拥有insert,select权限。</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top">
<p>grant insert,select on bank.t_user to hsj@'%' identified by '123' ; //其中% 表示所有。</p>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table><p>2、 revoke(收回授权)<strong><span style="color:#FF0000;"> </span><span style="color:#FF0000;">语法结构：</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;"> Revoke </span><span style="color:#FF0000;">权限列表 on
</span>数据库.数据库对象 from 用户名@主机名;</strong></p>
<p>实例：收回bank.t_user表上的查询权限</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top">
<p>revoke select on bank.t_user from hsj@'%';</p>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table><p>3、相关练习如下：</p>
<p>打开命令行窗口输入如下内容登录：</p>
<p>Mysql -u+用户名-p+密码 ： 如：Mysql -uroot -proot</p>
<p>① .创建用户hsj,密码为123的账户，并指定拥有insert,select权限。</p>
<p>grant insert,select on bank.t_user to hsj@'%'identified by '123';</p>
<p>②.重新启动命令行使用上面的账户登录并查询数据。</p>
<p>打开新的命令行窗口输入如下内容登录：</p>
<p>mysql -uhsj -p123</p>
<p>select * from bank.t_user;</p>
<p>③.收回再bank.t_user表上的查询权限</p>
<p>revoke select on bank.t_user from hsj@'%';</p>
<p>④.继续执行查询操作</p>
<p>select * from bank.t_user;</p>
<p>报如下错误：</p>
<p>ERROR 1142 (42000): SELECT command denied to user'hsj'@'localhost' for table 't</p>
<p>_user'</p>
<p>说明当前账户已经没有查询数据的权限了。</p>
<p>但可以插入数据。</p>
<p>insert into bank.t_user values(null,'msn','123','佳平',20,'男','武汉');</p>
<p>可以成功运行。</p>
<p>⑤.如果想查询数据，必须先再次通过之前的窗口授予查询权限：</p>
<p>grant select on bank.t_user to hsj@'%' identified by'123';</p>
<p>⑥.再次执行查询即可查到数据：</p>
<p>select * from bank.t_user;</p>
<p> </p>
                                    </div>
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